Table 1 List of studies mentioned with no or negative effects of probiotics on critically ill patients

Jain et al. [11]

double-blind, randomized, placebo-control.

90 ICU patients: 45 verum vs 45 placebo.

4 × 10⁹ of Lact. acidophilus, Bifid. lactis, L. bulgaricus, Strept. thermophilus + 7,5 g Oligofructose.

less potentially pathogenic bact. no differences: septic outcome mortality, ICU stay.

McNaught et al. [12]

nonblinded, randomized, nonplacebo.

103 critical lll: 51 verum vs 52 placebo.

L. plantarum 299v + oatmeal + fruit drink.

no differences: intestinal permeability, CRP level morbidity + mortality.

Olah et al. [13]

double-blind, randomized, placebo-control.

62 patients with acute pancreatitis: 29 vs 33.

Synbiotic 2000 Forte.

no differences: mortality, septic complications, organ failure.

Barraud et al. [14]

double-blind, randomized, placebo-control.

167 ICU patients: 84 verum vs 83 placebo.

2 × 10¹⁰ Lact. rhamnosus GG.

no differences: mortality, ICU acquired infections.