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Table 3 Mean ± S.D. of all the measured parameters in PPA-treated, ampicillin-treated and animals fed various diets compared to control

From: The neurotoxic effects of ampicillin-associated gut bacterial imbalances compared to those of orally administered propionic acid in the etiology of persistent autistic features in rat pups: effects of various dietary regimens

Parameter

Group

N

Mean ± S.D.

%Change

P value a

P value b

P value c

Glutathione (μg/ml)

Control

10

67.02 ± 14.29

100.00

  

0.001

Pro-acid

10

53.38 ± 11.98

79.65

0.033

Ampicillin (A)

10

44.35 ± 9.97

66.18

0.001

0.084

A + CHO

10

43.89 ± 6.51

65.49

0.001

0.041

A + Protein

10

72.46 ± 14.94

108.12

0.416

0.006

A + Oil

9

52.33 ± 16.34

78.08

0.052

0.874

Lipid peroxides (MD μmoles/ml)

Control

10

0.057 ± 0.005

100.00

  

0.001

Pro-acid

10

0.118 ± 0.037

206.48

0.001

Ampicillin

10

0.070 ± 0.010

122.94

0.002

0.003

A + CHO

10

0.067 ± 0.022

116.46

0.204

0.002

A + Protein

10

0.119 ± 0.017

208.41

0.001

0.933

A + Oil

9

0.157 ± 0.031

274.43

0.001

0.025

Glutathione S-transferase activity (U/ml)

Control

10

227.06 ± 50.39

100.00

  

0.011

Pro-acid

10

190.62 ± 28.97

83.95

0.063

Ampicillin

10

256.14 ± 21.94

112.81

0.120

0.001

A + CHO

10

235.17 ± 50.96

103.57

0.725

0.027

A + Protein

10

245.27 ± 45.71

108.02

0.408

0.005

A + Oil

9

240.74 ± 26.27

106.02

0.476

0.001

Catalase activity (U/dL)

Control

10

6.59 ± 1.89

100.00

  

0.001

Pro-acid

10

9.31 ± 3.48

141.31

0.047

Ampicillin

10

7.53 ± 2.09

114.28

0.306

0.186

A + CHO

10

4.80 ± 3.03

72.84

0.130

0.006

A + Protein

10

10.56 ± 3.77

160.24

0.011

0.452

A + Oil

9

8.91 ± 2.41

135.15

0.032

0.774

Potassium (mmol/L)

Control

10

10.10 ± 1.97

100.00

  

0.001

Pro-acid

10

8.48 ± 1.81

83.95

0.072

Ampicillin

10

9.18 ± 2.26

90.84

0.342

0.456

A + CHO

10

15.19 ± 3.34

150.34

0.001

0.001

A + Protein

10

13.74 ± 1.89

136.00

0.001

0.001

A + Oil

9

15.31 ± 3.55

151.61

0.001

0.001

Creatine kinase (U/L)

Control

8

3900.01 ± 495.26

100.00

  

0.001

Pro-acid

10

3948.36 ± 422.41

101.24

0.826

Ampicillin

9

4138.42 ± 353.99

106.11

0.267

0.306

A + CH

9

3824.58 ± 618.43

98.07

0.787

0.614

A + Protein

7

3945.15 ± 159.99

101.16

0.813

0.983

A + Oil

7

3062.79 ± 257.84

78.53

0.002

0.001

Lactate dehydrogenase (μmoles)

Control

10

1842.16 ± 420.30

100.00

  

0.001

Pro-acid

10

2525.06 ± 322.42

137.07

0.001

Ampicillin

10

2547.80 ± 232.25

138.30

0.001

0.858

A + CH

10

2773.58 ± 208.62

150.56

0.001

0.056

A + Protein

8

2512.36 ± 505.38

136.38

0.007

0.949

A + Oil

6

2564.08 ± 381.26

139.19

0.004

0.830

  1. aP value between control group and other groups.
  2. bP value between Pro-acid group and other groups.
  3. CP value between all groups.
  4. N.B. Variations in the numbers of investigated samples in each group are due to the insufficiency of certain samples or the death of animals during the experimental period (e.g., animals fed a high-lipid diet).