Fig. 5

Effect of DS on oxidative stress induced by RV. a Caco2 cells were infected with RV following preincubation in the absence or presence of DS, and the fluorescence of the ROS probe was evaluated 1 h following the infection. Magnification: 400×. b Time-course of ROS production. Caco-2 cell monolayers were infected with RV preincubated in the presence (filled circle) or absence (filled square) of DS as described in the “Methods”, and the ROS intracellular levels were evaluated together with uninfected cells (open circle) [*p < 0.05 vs the control at the same time]. c Caco-2 cell monolayers were infected with RV, glutathione was evaluated 1 h following the infection, and the levels of GSH (grey) and GSSG (white) were measured. DS was present during the activation phase of the virus, as described in the “Methods”. *p < 0.05 vs control;^#p < 0.05 vs RV