Table 2 Applications of bioengineering
Applications | Probiotics | Genes/receptors expressed | Action | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Improvement of stress tolerance | L. paracasei | Heat shock protein chaperones (GroES and GroEL) | Improved thermotolerance (heat tolerance) of probiotic; increased solvent resistance by the probiotic strain | [104] |
L. salivarius | Listerial betaine uptake system (BetL) | Increase in the resistance of the probiotic to several stresses | [110] | |
L. lactis | Trehalose synthesis gene (ostAB) | Enhanced probiotic’s resistance to gastric acid protection of the probiotic against damage caused by acid, cold, or heat shock | ||
Production of antimicrobial peptides | L. lactis | A3APO and alyteserin | Successfully inhibited E. coli and Salmonella | [31] |
Probiotic E. coli | Cell receptor (ganglioside) for cholera toxin or ETEC heat-labile toxin | Enterotoxins are sequestered by the probiotic E. coli thus protecting host against diarrheal infection | [12] | |
L. reuteri | Heat-stable (ST) and heat-labile (LT) enterotoxins | Successfully bound to the enterotoxins and prevented enterotoxicity in a mouse model | [12] | |
Enhancement of anti-inflammatory response | L. lactis | Elafin | Significant reduction in inflammation | [118] |
L. lactis | TGF-β | Overall reduction of inflammation and colitis | [120] | |
L. lactis | IL-10 | Successfully prevented colitis in murine models | [121] | |
L. lactis | Anti-TNF-α nanobodies | Reduced the colonic inflammation | [123] | |
L. lactis | Internalin A | Enhanced efficient internalization of L. lactis in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 | [124] | |
Enhancement of colonization exclusion | L. paracasei | Listeria adhesion protein (LAP) | Inhibited the adhesion of Listeria to host cells | [94] |
L. lactis | Surface-associated flagellin | Inhibited the binding and adhesion of pathogenic E. coli and S. enterica | [126] | |
L. acidophilus | K99 fimbriae | Reduced the attachment of ETEC to porcine intestinal brush border | [129] | |
Receptor mimicry system and toxin neutralization | E. coli Nissle 1917; L. lactis | Galactosyl-transferase genes; Tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFC) | Recombinant bacteria neutralized shiga toxins, Stx1 or Stx2 | [132] |
Increased IgA levels led to protection of the host against the infections of the mucous membrane | ||||
E. coli Nissle 1917 | Receptor GM1 | Protected infant mice from challenge with virulent V. cholerae | [139] | |
E. coli Nissle 1917; L. casei | AI-2 co-expressed CAI-1 | 80% reduction in Ctx binding to the intestines of mice which reduced numbers of V. cholerae in treated mouse intestines | [140] | |
Adhesins K99 | Protected 80% of the vaccinated mice after challenge with a lethal dose of strains of ETEC K99 and K88 | [142] | ||
Vaccination | L. lactis | Virus spike protein VP8 | Provided 100% protection against rotavirus infection | [145] |