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Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

From: Is there any association between gut microbiota and type 1 diabetes? A systematic review

Authors

Year

Country

Type of study

Study population (control and case)

Age (mean)

Microbiota analysis technique

Rozanova et al. [41]

2002

Russia

Cohort

38 T1D

3 years

Not mentioned

Brown et al. [23]

2011

Finland

Case–control

8 T1D

Children

DNA sequencing

Giongo et al. [31]

2011

USA

Case–control

Control: 4, case: 4

5 months

16s rRNA sequencing

Murri et al. [26]

2013

Spain

Case–control

Control: 16, case: 16

7 years

Real time quantitative PCR

Richardson et al. [37]

2014

Finland

Cohort

Control: 47, case: 29

2 years

16s rRNA sequencing

de Goffau et al. [24]

2014

Netherlands

Case–control

Control: 27, case: 28

3 years

Microarray analysis

Endesfelder et al. [38]

2014

Germany

Cohort

Control: 22, case: 22

19.5 months

16s rRNA sequencing

Mejia et al. [30]

2014

Mexico

Case–control

Control: 8, case: 21

12.5 years

16s rRNA pyrosequencing

Soyucen et al. [28]

2014

Turkey

Case–control

Control: 35, case: 35

10 years

Quantitative cultures on selective and non-selective media

Kostic et al. [39]

2015

Finland

Cohort

Control: 22, case: 11b

Infants

16s rRNA sequencing

Alkanani et al. [5]

2015

USA

Cross-sectional

Control: 23, casea: 88

11 years

16s rRNA sequencing

Cui et al. [18]

2016

China

Case–control

Control: 15, case: 15

11 years

16s rRNA sequencing

Maffeis et al. [25]

2016

Italy

Case–control

Control: 10, case: 10

11 years

Semi-quantitative PCR

Stewart et al. [29]

2017

UK

Case–control

Control: 10, case: 10

27 years

16s rRNA sequencing

Pinto et al. [40]

2017

Portugal

Cohort

Control: 3, case: 3

9 years

Real time quantitative PCR

Pellegrini et al. [27]

2017

Italy

Case–control

Control: 35c, case: 19

36 years

Real time quantitative PCR

Traversi et al. [21]

2017

Italy

Case–control

Control: 13, case: 13

8 years

Real time quantitative PCR

Gao et al. [42]

2018

France

Cohort

33 genetically predisposed to T1D

1.5 years

16s rRNA sequencing

Vatanen et al. [44]

2018

USA

Nested case–control

Control: 415, case: 368d

3 month

16s rRNA sequencing

Stewart et al. [45]

2018

USA

Nested case–control

903 children

24.5 month

16s rRNA sequencing

Huang et al. [32]

2018

China

Case–control

Control: 10, case: 12

23.5

16s rRNA sequencing

Gavin et al. [43]

2018

Australia

Cross-sectional

Control: 22, case: 69e

10.8

Proteomics and 16S rRNA sequencing

Leiva-Gea et al. [33]

2018

Spain

Case–control

Control: 13, case: 15 T1D

12.6

16S rRNA pyrosequencing

Higuchi et al. [34]

2018

Brazil

Case–control

Control: 28, case: 20

23.1

16s rRNA sequencing

Salamon et al. [35]

2018

Poland

Case–control

Control: 23, case: 22

42.5

16s rRNA sequencing

Cinek et al. [36]

2018

Czech federation

Case–control

Control: 103, case: 73f

11.8

16s rRNA sequencing

  1. a35 new-onset patients; 21 seropositive; 32 seronegative FDRs (first degree relatives)
  2. bSeroconverters
  3. c16 healthy control; 19 gut inflammatory disease as the second control
  4. d267 seroconverters and 101 diagnosed with T1D
  5. e23 recent onset type 1 diabetes; 17 islet autoantibody–positive subjects; 29 low-risk autoantibody-negative subjects
  6. fAzerbaijan: 19, Jordan: 20, Nigeria: 14, Sudan: 20