Fig. 3

Contamination scenario of faecal coliforms and E. coli in source before and after decontamination. a Image showing method of decontamination of the mouth of the tubewell by burning with alcohol. b Bar diagram showing percent of contamination of faecal coliforms and E. coli, before and after decontaminating the mouth of the tubewell. c Box and whisker plot of log value of faecal coliforms before and after decontaminating the mouth of the tubewell. d Box and whisker plot of log value of E. coli before and after decontaminating the mouth of the tubewell. e Image showing way of contaminating the mouth of the tubewell by unhygienic practices. f Image showing the rough surface of the tubewell mouth and inside of the tubewell mouth