Fig. 2From: Mechanisms and microbial influences on CTLA-4 and PD-1-based immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer: a narrative reviewEffects of B. fragilis + B. cepacia on antitumor response to CTLA-4 therapy. Recolonization of GF mice with B. fragilis and B. cepacia leads to greater antitumor response to anti-CTLA-4 therapy via DC maturation, IL-12 production and activation of Th1 cells [11, 14]. Figure taken from Pitt et al.Back to article page