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Table 1 General characteristics of included studies

From: Proton pump inhibitors use and risk of developing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Author, year [reference], study location

Case/control or case/cohort

Age (year), mean (SD)

Study design and setting

Male, n (%)

Adjusted for

Follow up (months)

NOS score

Aditi et al. 2012 [21]; USA

307/682

Not reported

Retrospective;

cohort;

single center

Not reported

Bilirubin, albumin, creatinine, INR, and protein in ascitic fluid

38 (mean)

7

Bajaj et al. 2009 [22]; USA

70/70

54.5 (13.0)

Retrospective; case–control; single center

79 (56.4)

CTP class, age, and admission time period

–

7

Campbell et al. 2008 [23]; USA

32/84

54.6 (10.7)

Retrospective; case–control; single center

78 (67.2)

Age, bilirubin, INR, creatinine, MELD score, DM, gender, history of SBP,

etiology of liver disease, and race

–

5

Choi et al. 2011 [24]; Korea

83/93

55.5 (10.7)

Retrospective; case–control; single center

138 (78.4)

CTP class, MELD score, and VB

–

7

Cole et al. 2016 [25]; Scotland

114/92

20–74 (range)

Retrospective;

cohort;

single center

135 (65.5)

Age, MELD and UKELD scores, gender, etiology of liver disease, history of decompensate liver disease, and PPIs use

23.7 (median)

8

Dam et al. 2016 [26]; Denmark

340/525

57 (10.4)

Retrospective; cohort;

multicenter

594 (68.8)

Use of PPIs; sex; age; cirrhosis etiology; VB; MELD score; increase of sodium, albumin, and platelets; dose of lactulose, spironolactone, furosemide and potassium-sparing diuretic

–

7

De Vos et al. 2013 [27]; Belgium

51/51

56 (8.9)

Retrospective; case–control; single center

70 (68.6)

None

1.5 (median)

7

Elzouki et al. 2019 [28]; Qatar

171/162

52.8 (12)

Retrospective; case–control; single center

260 (78.1)

Age, sex, DM, HTN, smoking, RF, and PPIs use

–

7

Goel et al. 2012 [7]; USA

65/65

57.6 (11.1)

Retrospective;

case–control;

single center

83 (63.8)

CTP classification

1 (mean)

8

Huang et al. 2016 [29]; Taiwan

1,870/1,190

54.1 (12.5)

Retrospective; cohort;

multicenter

3,535 (73.8)

Age, sex, CAD,

CHF, HTN,

DM, CKD, ascites, HE, and esophageal varices

–

7

Janka et al. 2020 [30]; Hungary

74/39

50–64 (range)

Retrospective; cohort;

Single center

69 (61.1)

Compensated stage, age, gender, comorbidity, etiology, MELD score and PPIs use

38.5 (median)

8

Khan et al. 2020 [31]; Pakistan

190/190

46.9 (10.1)

Prospective; cohort;

Single center

220 (61.1)

Age, gender, etiology of liver disease, CTP score, albumin, bilirubin, and PT

–

6

Kim et al. 2017 [32]; Korea

58/249

57.7 (10.4)

Retrospective; cohort;

single center

239 (77.8)

Age; sex; CTP score; SBP etiology; platelet count; ALT; GGT; BUN; creatinine; sodium; ascitic fluid protein; HC; H2RAs, PPIs, antibiotics, and Beta-blocker use

60 (mean)

7

Kwon et al. 2014 [33]; Korea

82/451

62.7 (9.5)

Retrospective; cohort;

multicenter

410 (76.9)

Age, MELD score, H2RAs, and PPIs use

1 (mean)

7

Mandorfer et al. 2014 [8]; Austria

520/87

57.5 (11.8)

Retrospective; cohort;

single center

426 (70.2)

Age, HC, history of

variceal bleed, varices, and MELD score

9.6 (mean)

8

Min et al. 2014 [34]; Korea

402/402

57.7 (9.8)

Retrospective; cohort;

single center

609 (75.7)

Age, gender, etiology of liver disease, CTP score, platelet count, GGT, BUN, creatinine, sodium, H2RAs, and PPIs use

25.1 (mean)

8

Miozzo et al. 2017 [35]; Brazil

151/107

54 (11.2)

Retrospective; cohort;

single center

163 (63.4)

PPIs use, CTP and MELD scores, and the presence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding

60 (median)

6

Miura et al. 2014 [36]; Japan

18/47

66.3 (9)

Retrospective; cohort;

single center

44 (67.7)

Age; gender; etiology of cirrhosis; DM; platelet count; creatinine; antibiotic, H2RAs and PPIs use; VB, HC, and HE; CTP and MELD scores and INR

–

5

O'Leary et al. 2015 [9]; USA

46/142

56.8 (9.3)

Prospective; cohort;

multicenter

102 (54.1)

PPIs use, SBP prophylaxis, age, HR, MELD and CTP scores, platelet count, gender, sodium, albumin, MAP, index SBP infection, and number of infections

–

8

Rajender et al. 2019 [37]; India

143/143

51.5 (11.5)

Retrospective; cohort;

single center

188 (65.7)

Age; gender; VB; HE; CTP and MELD scores; bilirubin; creatinine; cause of cirrhosis; ascitic fluid protein; PPIs, H2RAs and B blockers use

–

7

Ratelle et al. 2014 [10]; Canada

51/102

60.6 (15.1)

Retrospective; case–control;

single center

114 (74.5)

PPIs use, gender, DM, sodium, and MELD score

–

8

Schiavon et al. 2017 [38]; Brazil

93/98

54.3 (12.5)

Prospective; cohort;

Single center

130 (68.1)

Age, DM, previous hepatic encephalopathy and VB

32 (median)

7

Terg et al. 2015 [11]; Argentina

95/289

57.5 (11.5)

Retrospective; cohort;

multicenter

265 (69)

Age, gender, MELD and CTP scores, alcohol, HE, bilirubin, albumin, creatinine, sodium, INR, platelet and leucocytes counts, and PPIs use

–

8

  1. AKI: acute kidney injury, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate transaminase, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, CAD: coronary artery disease, CHE: cholinesterase, CHF: congestive heart failure, CKD: chronic kidney disease, CRP: c-reactive protein, CTP: Child–Turcotte–Pugh class, DM: diabetes mellitus, H2RAs: H2 receptor antagonists, HC: hepatocellular carcinoma, HE: hepatic encephalopathy, HIV: human immunodeficiency virus, HR: heart rate, HTN: hypertension, INR: international normalized ratio, GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase, MAP: mean arterial pressure, MELD: model for end-stage liver disease, NOS: Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, PPIs: proton pump inhibitors, PT: prothrombin time, RF: renal failure, UKELD: UK model for end-stage liver disease, VB: variceal bleeding