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Table 2 Intestinal mycobiota-genotype association in IBD

From: The role of mycobiota-genotype association in inflammatory bowel diseases: a narrative review

Animal/ human sample

Fungal extraction

Mycobiota-genotype

References

CD patients Mucosal-tissue

The ITS1 rDNA sequencing

M. restricta (CARD9 S12N alleles)

Limon et al. [57]

Card9−/− mice feces

18S ITS rDNA sequencing

Decreased Ascomycota, elevation of Saccharomycetes (CARD9)

Malik et al. [58]

Card9−/− mice feces

ITS2 rDNA sequencing

Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota (CARD9)

Lamas et al. [59]

CX3CR1−/− mice, CD patients

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Decreased antibody production against Candida sp. (CX3CR-1) [CX3CR-1 T280M (rs3732378)]

Leonardi et al. [62]

IBD patients Fecal samples

ITS2 rDNA sequencing

Positive correlation: M. sympodialis [Dectin-1 (rs2078178, rs3901533)],[TLR1 (rs4833095, rs5743618)],[Mincle (rs10841845)]

S. cerevisiae [CARD9 (rs10781499)], [TLR3 (rs3775291)]

Ascomycota [DC-SIGN (rs2287886)], [TLR1 (rs5743611)]

Basidiomycota [TLR1 (rs5743611)]

Negative correlation: M. sympodialis [Dectin-1 (rs2078178, ‘T’allele 12)]

S. cerevisiae [CARD9 (rs10781499, ‘A’ allele 21)]

Sokol et al. [8]

Clec4d−/− mice feces

18S rDNA sequencing

C. tropicalis (CLEC4D)

Wang et al. [64]

Clec7−/− mice feces

ITS1-2 rDNA sequencing

Increased Candida and Trichosporon sp. Decreased nonpathogenic Saccharomyces sp.

Iliev et al. [66]

CD patients Fecal sample

ITS1 rDNA sequencing

No differences were evident with NOD2 variances

Nelson et al. [35]

  1. ITS 1,2, Internal transcribed spacer 1, 2; CARD9; CARD9, Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9; TLR3, Toll-like receptors 3; TLR1, Toll-like receptors 1; CLEC4D, C-Type Lectin domain containing 4D; CLEC7A, C-Type Lectin domain containing 7A; DC-SIGN, Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin receptor; MINCLE, Macrophage inducible Ca2+-dependent lectin receptor; NOD2, Oligomerization domain-containing protein 2; M. restricta, Malassezia restricta; M. sympodialis, Malassezia sympodialis; S. cerevisiae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae; C. tropicalis, Candida tropicalis; sp., species