Table 2 Individual microbiota differences in T2DM cohorts

T2DM [18, 26, 27]

↑ opportunistic pathogens

Bacteroides caccae, Clostridium hathewayi, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium symbiosum, Eggerthella lenta, Escherichia coli

T2DM [24, 26, 28]

↑ Blautia, Coprococcus, Sporobacter, Abiotrophia, Peptostreptococcus, Parasutterella, Collinsella

T2DM [18, 21,22,23, 27, 120]

↓ butyrate-producing microbes

Eubacterium rectale, Faecali prausnitzii, Roseburia intestinalis, Roseburia inulinivorans, Ruminococcus and Subdoligranulum

T2DM [23, 25, 34, 35]

↓ Bacteroides, Prevotella, Bifidobacterium

T2DM [20, 23, 35]

↑ Lactobacillus

↓ × 5 clostridium species

T2DM [25]

↓ Akkermansia

Pre-diabetic [43]

↓ Akkermansia, Clostridium

↑ Ruminococcus, Streptococcus