Table 1 Basic characteristics of the included articles
References | Country | Study design | Disease | Route of delivery | Follow up | Donor source | Antibiotics use before IMT | Preparation | Stool sample dose | Fresh or frozen | Frequency of IMT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cammarota et al. [33] | Italy | Open-label RCT | rCDI | Colonoscopy | 10 weeks | Healthy volunteers related or unrelated | Vancomycin | 4 L macrogol | 50 ml solution | Fresh | Fecal infusion every 3 days |
Moayyedi et al. [34] | Canada | Double-blind RCT | UC | Enema | 12 months | Healthy volunteers | NR | NR | 50 g | Fresh | once per week for 6 weeks |
Rossen et al. [35] | Netherlands | Double-blind RCT | UC | Nasoduodenal tube | 12 weeks | Healthy partners, relatives or volunteers | NR | 2 L macrogol | NR | Fresh | × 2 |
Kelly et al. [36] | USA | Double-blind RCT | rCDI | Colonoscopy | 6 months | Healthy volunteers | Vancomycin | Sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate | 64 g | Fresh | × 1 |
Bajaj et al. [37] | USA | Open-label RCT | Hepatic encephalopathy | Enema | 150 days | Healthy volunteers | Metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin | NR | 90 ml | Frozen | × 1 |
Hota et al. [38] | Canada | Open-label RCT | rCDI | Enema | 120 days | Healthy volunteers | Vancomycin | NR | 50 g | Fresh | × 1 |
Paramsothy et al. [39] | Australia | Double-blind RCT | UC | Enema | 8 weeks | Healthy volunteers | NR | NR | 37.5 g | Frozen | × 5 per week for 8 weeks |
Tian et al. [40] | China | Single-blind RCT | Constipation | Nasointestinal tube | 12 weeks | Healthy volunteers | NR | NR | 100 g | Frozen | many times |
Halkjær et al. [12] | Denmark | Double-blind RCT | IBS | Capsules | 6 months | Healthy volunteers | NR | NR | 50 g | Frozen | 25 capsules per day for 12 days |
Johnsen et al. [13] | Norway | Double-blind RCT | IBS | Colonoscopy | 12 months | Healthy volunteers | No antibiotics were given | Sodium picosulphate plus magnesium citrate | 50–80 g | Fresh | × 1 |
Aroniadis et al. [14] | USA | Double-blind RCT | IBS-D | Capsules | 24 weeks | Healthy volunteers | NR | PPI | 9.5 g | Frozen | ×3 |
Costello et al. [41] | Australia | Double-blind RCT | UC | Colonoscopy | 12 months | Healthy volunteers | NR | Polyethylene glycol and loperamide | 100 g | Frozen | ×3 |
Huttner et al. [42] | France | Open-label RCT | Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae | Capsules or nasogastric | 30 weeks | Healthy volunteers | Colistin and neomycin | PPI | 40 g | Frozen | ×2 |
Hvas et al. [43] | Denmark | Open-label RCT | rCDI | Colonoscopy or nasojejunal tube | 8 weeks | Healthy volunteers | Vancomycin | Standard lavage | 50 g | Frozen | ×1 |
Sood et al. [44] | India | Double-blind RCT | UC | Colonoscopy | 48 weeks | Healthy volunteers | NR | Polyethylene glycol | 100 g | Frozen | ×1 every 8 weeks for 48 weeks |
Allegretti, et al. [23] | USA | Double-blind RCT | Obese | Capsules | 12 weeks | Healthy lean donors | No antibiotics | PPI;No bowel preparation | 22.5 g, 9 g, 9 g (week0, 4, 8) | Frozen | ×3 |
Bajaj et al. [37] | USA | Double-blind RCT | Alcohol use disorder | Enema | 6 months | Healthy volunteers | NR | NR | 27 g | NR | ×1 |
El-Salhy et al. [46] | Norway | Double-blind RCT | IBS | Gastroscope | 3 months | Healthy volunteers | NR | NR | 30 g, 60 g | Frozen | ×1 |
Fretheim et al. [24] | Norway | Double-blind RCT | Systemic sclerosis | Gastroscope | 16 weeks | Healthy volunteers | NR | NR | NR | Frozen | ×1 |
Lahtinen et al. [47] | Finland | Double-blind RCT | IBS | Colonoscopy | 52 weeks | Healthy volunteers | NR | NR | NR | Frozen | ×1 |
Yu et al. [48] | USA | Double-blind RCT | Metabolism in obesity | Capsules | 12 weeks | Healthy lean donors | NR | NR | Total 105 capsules | Frozen | ×2 first week×1/week for 5 weeks |