Fig. 3

Effect of OR, GSSE, and GSOR on SD (light grey) and HFD (dark grey) induced alpha diversity (A), Shannon diversity (B), Simpson diversity (C), and inverse Simpson diversity (D). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6). On top of each bar, lowercase and capital letters indicate significant differences analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (P < 0.05). The asterisk represents the significant difference analyzed by parametric t-test (P < 0.05) for SD vs. HF. **** indicates 0.001 < P-value < 0.01; *** indicates 0.001 < P-value < 0.01; ** indicates 0.001 < P-value < 0.01; * 0.01 < P-value < 0.05