Table 2 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression comparing enteropathogen infection in the pre- vs post-rotavirus vaccine introduction periods (n = 718)
Pathogen Type | Pathogen | Total (n = 718) | Prevalence | Univariate Logistic Regression | Multivariable# Logistic Regression | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-vaccine (n = 241) | Post-vaccine (n = 477) | |||||||||
n (%) | # + ve cases | Proportion (95% CI) | # + ve cases | Proportion (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | ||
Virus | Adenovirus 40/41 | 49 (6.8) | 14 | 5.8 (3.2–9.6) | 35 | 7.3 (45.2–10.1) | 1.28 (0.68, 2.44) | 0.444 | 1.16 (0.60, 2.24) | 0.667 |
Any Adenovirus | 104 (14.5) | 28 | 11.6 (7.9–16.4) | 76 | 15.9 (12.8–19.5) | 1.44 (0.91, 2.29) | 0.122 | 1.33 (0.82, 2.13) | 0.247 | |
Rotavirus group A | 178 (24.8) | 66 | 27.4 (21.9–33.5) | 112 | 23.5 (19.8–27.6) | 0.81 (0.57, 1.16) | 0.253 | 0.97 (0.66, 1.42) | 0.879 | |
Norovirus GI/GII | 103 (14.4) | 27 | 11.2 (7.5–15.9) | 76 | 15.9 (12.8–19.5) | 1.50 (0.94, 2.40) | 0.089 | 1.53 (0.94, 2.49) | 0.086 | |
Astrovirus | 34 (4.7) | 12 | 5.0 (2.6–8.5) | 22 | 4.6 (2.9–7.0) | 0.81 (0.57, 1.16) | 0.253 | 0.97 (0.66, 1.42) | 0.879 | |
Sapovirus | 38 (5.3) | 19 | 7.8 (4.8–12.0) | 19 | 4.0 (2.4–6.2) | 0.49 (0.25, 0.93) | 0.030 | 0.64 (0.32, 1.28) | 0.205 | |
Enterovirus | 193 (26.9) | 65 | 27.0 (21.5–33.0) | 128 | 26.8 (23.0–31.1) | 0.99 (0.70, 1.41) | 0.969 | 0.97 (0.67, 1.39) | 0.851 | |
Parechovirus | 119 (16.6) | 47 | 19.5 (14.7–25.1) | 72 | 15.1 (12.0–18.6) | 0.73 (0.49, 1.10) | 0.135 | 0.73 (0.48, 1.12) | 0.158 | |
Hepatitis A virus | 11 (1.5) | 1 | 0.4 (0.0–2.3) | 10 | 2.0 (1.0–3.8) | 5.14 (0.65, 40.38) | 0.120 | 4.00 (0.50, 31.77) | 0.190 | |
Hepatitis E virus | 1 (0.14) | 0 | 0 (0–1.5) | 1 | 0.2 (0.0–1.2) | NA |  | NA |  | |
Cytomegalovirus | 57 (7.9) | 10 | 4.2 (2.0–7.5) | 47 | 9.9 (7.3–12.9) | 2.53 (1.25, 5.09) | 0.010 | 2.81 (1.36, 5.81) | 0.005 | |
Bacteria | Enteropathogenic E. coli | 217 (30.2) | 68 | 28.2 (22.6–34.4) | 149 | 31.2 (27.1–35.6) | 1.16 (0.82, 1.63) | 0.405 | 1.24 (0.87, 1.76) | 0.240 |
Enteroaggregative E. coli | 302 (42.1) | 86 | 35.7 (29.6–42.1) | 216 | 45.3 (40.8–50.0) | 1.49 (1.08, 2.05) | 0.014 | 1.58 (1.13, 2.20) | 0.007 | |
Verotoxogenic E. coli | 4 (0.6) | 0 | 0 (0–1.5) | 4 | 0.8 (0.2–2.1) | NA | 0.176 | NA |  | |
Shigella spp. | 83 (11.6) | 21 | 8.7 (5.5–13.0) | 62 | 13.0 (10.2–16.4) | 1.57 (0.93, 2.64) | 0.092 | 1.49 (0.87, 2.54) | 0.144 | |
C. perfringens/difficile | 33 (4.6) | 8 | 3.3 (1.4–6.4) | 25 | 5.2 (3.4–7.6) | 1.61 (0.72, 3.63) | 0.250 | 1.51 (0.66, 3.47) | 0.334 | |
Salmonella spp. | 15 (2.1) | 5 | 2.0 (0.7–4.8) | 10 | 2.1 (1.0–3.8) | 1.01 (0.34, 2.99) | 0.985 | 1.10 (0.35, 3.42) | 0.877 | |
C. jejuni/coli | 56 (7.8) | 17 | 7.1 (4.2–11.1) | 39 | 8.2 (5.9–11.0) | 1.17 (0.65, 2.12) | 0.597 | 1.13 (0.61, 2.07) | 0.706 | |
V. cholerae | 11 (1.53) | 0 | 0 (0–1.5) | 11 | 2.3 (1.2–4.1) | NA |  | NA |  | |
Aeromonas spp. | 7 (1.0) | 3 | 1.3 (0.3–3.6) | 4 | 0.8 (0.2–2.1) | 0.67 (0.15, 3.02) | 0.603 | 0.74 (0.15, 3.56) | 0.707 | |
Y. enterocolitica | 2 (0.3) | 0 | 0 (0–1.5) | 2 | 0.3 (0.0–1.5) | NA |  | NA |  | |
Protozoa | Cryptosporidium spp. | 98 (13.7) | 28 | 11.6 (7.9–16.4) | 70 | 14.7 (11.6–18.2) | 1.31 (0.82, 2.09) | 0.261 | 1.36 (0.83, 2.20) | 0.219 |
D.fragilis | 42 (5.9) | 5 | 2.0 (0.7–4.8) | 37 | 7.8 (5.5–10.5) | 3.97 (1.54, 10.23) | 0.004 | 3.90 (1.49, 10.21) | 0.006 | |
G. lambia | 81 (11.3) | 27 | 11.2 (7.5–15.9) | 54 | 11.3 (8.6–14.5) | 1.01 (0.62, 1.65) | 0.963 | 0.96 (0.57, 1.61) | 0.881 | |
C. belli | 1 (0.14) | 0 | 0 (0–1.5) | 1 | 0.4 (0.0–1.2) | NA |  | NA |  | |
C. cayetanensis | 2 (0.3) | 2 | 0.8 (0.1–3.0) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–0.7) | NA | 0.110 | NA |  | |
Helminth | Strongyloides spp. | 19 (2.7) | 2 | 0.8 (0.1–3.0) | 17 | 3.6 (2.1–5.7) | 4.42 (1.01, 19.27) | 0.048 | 4.60 (1.03, 20.55) | 0.046 |