Fig. 5

A Heatmap reporting correlation coefficients (Rho) and p values for the correlation of species and age/BMI. The row represents certain species, and the column represents age and BMI. The bar on the right side shows the colour scale reflecting the Rho values. Positive correlations of a species with age or BMI (Rho > 0) are presented as red-scale squares, whereas negative correlations (Rho < 0) are presented as blue squares. The greater the weight of the absolute Rho value is, the deeper the colour bar. "*" represents the p value of the correlation. (The Spearman rank correlation test, *, **, *** stands for p value < 0.01, 0.005 and 0.001, respectively). B, C Boxplot of species abundance distributed in different sub-age groups (B) and sub-BMI groups (C). Boxplot displays the median of relative abundances (%) with their interquartile range. The upper and lower edges of the box represent the maximum and minimum relative abundance of each microbe, respectively. Relative abundance (%) means the percentage of a microbial species composed of the organism. The difference in the relative abundance of species was compared in both sub-age and sub-BMI groups using the Kruskal‒Wallis test. Pairwise comparisons within the subgroups were calculated using the Wilcoxon Mann‒Whitney U test. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (*, **, *** for p values < 0.01, 0.005 and 0.001, respectively)