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Fig. 3 | Gut Pathogens

Fig. 3

From: Emerging applications of phage therapy and fecal virome transplantation for treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection: challenges and perspectives

Fig. 3

 A schematic of C. difficile pathogenesis and phage therapy-based strategies for treatment of CDI. A In CDI, the gut microbiota dysbiosis increases the susceptibility to C. difficile bacteria and toxins. Gut colonization and toxin production by C. difficile lead to the disruption of tight junctions and stimulation of immune cell responses through inducing inflammatory cytokine production by neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which subsequently can result in intestinal epithelial damage and PMC formation. B The application of different strategies of phage-based therapy, including phage cocktails, phage-derived enzymes, the synergy between phages and antibiotics, and phage delivery of CRISPR-Cas system can help control CDI, modulate the intestinal inflammation, and promote the gut homeostasis. CDI Clostridioides difficile infection, IECs intestinal epithelial cells, PMC pseudomembranous colitis

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