Mechanism of action | Probiotic bacteria | Pathogen | Functionality | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Competitive exclusion | L. acidophilus; L. johnsonii | S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, L. monocytogenes | Inhibited adherence of pathogens to Caco-2 cells | [33] |
L. casei subsp. rhamnosus | EPEC, Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Klebsiella pneumoniae | Inhibited adherence of pathogens to Caco-2 cells | [33] | |
L. rhamnosus; L. acidophilus | E. coli O157:H7 | Inhibited adherence of pathogens to T-84 epithelial cell; inhibited colonization to Caco-2 cells | ||
L. acidophilus | H. pylori | Production of lacticins A164 and BH5 | [37] | |
Production of inhibitory substances | L. lactis | E. coli, Salmonella | Production of alyteserin-1a and A3APO | [31] |
B. longum | Clostridium difficile, E. coli | Production of bacteriocin | [35] | |
L. salivarius | L. monocytogenes | Production of bacteriocin Abp118 | [35] | |
L. sake | L. monocytogenes | Production of bacteriocin sakacin A | [39] | |
L. plantarum | L. monocytogenes | Production of bacteriocins (plantaricins) | [40] | |
L. lactis | C. difficile | Production of lacticin 3147 | [45] | |
L. lactis, L. casei, L. acidophilus | E. coli O157:H7 | Reduced the growth of pathogen by lactic acid production and pH reductive effect | [33] | |
Immune system modulation | L. reuteri | Salmonella | Increased the production anti-Salmonella IgM | [35] |
L. rhamnosus | E. coli O157:H7 | Increased intestinal anti-E. coli IgA responses and blood leukocyte phagocytic activity | [33] | |
L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus GG, L. johnsonii La1 | S. Typhimurium | Increased the production of anti-Salmonella IgA | ||
Improved barrier function | L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus GG | E. coli O157:H7 | Subvert the adherence of pathogen by increasing MUC2 and MUC3 in HT-29 epithelial cell line | |
L. acidophilus | E. coli | Protected against F-actin rearrangement, which was induced in an epithelial cell line on exposure to a pathogenic E. coli | [45] | |
S. thermophilus; L. acidophilus | Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) | Increased transepithelial resistance, maintenance and enhancement of cytoskeletal and tight junctional protein phosphorylation in HT29 and Caco-2 cell lines | [60] |