Table 3 Distribution of putative virulence genes in 208 Arcobacter isolates from various sources
Species | Source (n) | No. of isolates generating a virulence-associated gene amplicon (%) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cadF | cj1349 | mviN | ciaB | pldA | tlyA | hecA | hecB | iroE | irgA | ||
A. butzleri | Human stool (20) | 20 (100) | 20 (100) | 20 (100) | 20 (100) | 19 (95) | 20 (100) | 1 (5) | 12 (60) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Food (142) | 142 (100) | 140 (98.6) | 138 (97.2) | 142 (100) | 135 (95.1) | 140 (98.6) | 26 (18.3) | 42 (29.6) | 20 (14.1) | 11 (7.7) | |
Chicken meat (114) | 114 (100) | 112 (98.2) | 112 (98.2) | 114 (100) | 109 (95.6) | 113 (99.1) | 24 (21.1) | 29 (25.4) | 20 (17.5) | 11 (9.6) | |
Raw cow milk (26) | 26 (100) | 26 (100) | 24 (92.3) | 26 (100) | 24 (92.3) | 25 (96.2) | 0 (0) | 11 (42.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
RTE salad mixes (2) | 2 (100) | 2 (100) | 2 (100) | 2 (100) | 2 (100) | 2 (100) | 2 (100) | 2 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Environmental water (30) | 30 (100) | 30 (100) | 30 (100) | 30 (100) | 30 (100) | 30 (100) | 12 (40) | 20 (66.7) | 16 (53.3) | 13 (43.3) | |
Total (192) | 192 (100) | 190 (99) | 188 (97.9) | 192 (100) | 184 (95.8) | 190 (99) | 39 (20.3) | 74 (38.5) | 36 (18.8) | 24 (12.5) | |
A. cryaerophilus | Food (10) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | 10 (100) | 10 (100) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | 2 (20) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Chicken meat (5) | 0 (0) | 1 (20) | 5 (100) | 5 (100) | 0 (0) | 1 (20) | 1 (20) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
RTE salad mixes (5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (100) | 5 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (20) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Environmental water (6) | 0 (0) | 1 (16.7) | 6 (100) | 6 (100) | 0 (0) | 3 (50) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Total (16) | 0 (0) | 2 (12.5) | 16 (100) | 16 (100) | 0 (0) | 4 (25) | 2 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |