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Table 2 Characteristics at start of surveillance period

From: Leukocyte-subset counts in idiopathic parkinsonism provide clues to a pathogenic pathway involving small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. A surveillance study

Characteristic

 

Mean (95% data interval) (n= 51 )

Demographic

Age (years)

65 (48, 81)

Gender (male/female)

32/19a

Height (m)

1.69 (1.51, 1.86)

Weight (kg)

76 (51, 102)

Time since diagnosis (years)

6.5 (4.4, 8.9)b

Anti-parkinsonian medication (no/yes)

17/34a

Medication includes levodopa (no/yes) c

21/13a

Blood cell counts

Total white cell count (109/l)

6.4 (3.9, 1.3)

Neutrophils (109/l)

3.8 (1.9, 7.3)

Lymphocytes (109/l)

1.7 (0.9, 3.1)

Mononuclear cell subset (/μl) T-helper (CD4+)

810 (345, 1903)

T-cytotoxic (CD8+)

392 (118, 1305)

B-cell (CD19+)

170 (44, 657)

Natural-killer (CD16+CD56+)

258 (94, 705)

Brady/hypokinesia

Mean stride-length (mm)

1199 (795, 1602)

Free-walking-speed (m/s)

1.16 (0.68, 1.64)

Brady/hypokinesia scale (100 none, 0 worst)d

60 (55, 64)b

Rigidity

Mean torque to extend forearm (Nm x10-3)

589 (206, 1678)e

Mean torque to flex (Nm x10-3)

286 (98, 830)e

Ratio torque to extend/to flex

2.06 (0.80, 5.32)e

Tremor rating

Mean tremor whilst seated (100 none, 0 worst)

92.3 (62.8, 100)b

at rest

100 (73.0, 100)

under stress

90 (50, 100)

Postural abnormality

Tremor during stance/walk scale (100 none, 0 worst)f

98.3 (83.3, 100)b

Mean body sway (°/min)

8.5 (3.7, 19.1)e

with eyes open

6.1 (2.2, 17.4)e

with eyes closed

9.2 (4.1, 2.4)e

Mean foot separation (mm)

190 (141, 256)

Simian posture scaleg

79 (61, 96)b

Coronal postural abnormality scaleh

85 (72, 97)b

Psychomotor measures

Mean unwarned reaction time (ms)

518 (251, 1070)e

Mean warned reaction time (ms)

322 (154, 672)e

Mean arterial pressure

Supine (mmHg)

95 (66, 123)

Standing: mean over 3 min (mmHg)

97 (75,119)

Mean pulse rate

Supine (/min)

66 (48, 85)

Standing: mean over 3 min (/min)

75 (54, 95)

Infection/overgrowth

Previous Helicobacter eradication (no/yes)i

26/25a

 

Helicobacter status (+ve /-ve)

11j/40a

 

Hydrogen breath-test status (+ve/-ve)

34k/17a

  1. aCount.
  2. bMedian (interquartile range).
  3. cas levodopa combined with extracerebral dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor ± catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor, none receiving combination as monotherapy. Other anti-parkinsonian medication used [selegiline, pramipexole, cabergoline, amantadine, trihexyphenidyl (low dose)] at steady state, and as evenly spaced as practicable with reference to t½, to avoid iatrogenic fluctuations in performance.
  4. d12 items in scale: overall impression of brady/hypokinesia (4 observations), speed (3), stride including inverse of cadence (3), flow (2), ability to maintain ‘steady-state’ gait without progressive deterioration (2), symmetry of gait (2), pelvic swing (2), swing from hips (4), average of knee kick as leg swings past vertical (4), difference in kick between sides (2), average arm swing (4), and difference in swing between sides (2).
  5. eExponential of loge transformed data.
  6. f3 observations in scale, all relating to more rigid side: during walk from anterior perspective and from lateral, and at stance from lateral
  7. g13 items: overall impression of simian tendency (4), festinant gait (2), head held flexed (3), chin projection (3), dropped jaw (1), hands behind back at stance (2), flexion at elbow (8), flexion at waist (4), compensatory shoulder retraction (1), flexion at hips (2), flexion at knees (4), inability to hyperextend at knee (4) and nature foot strike (4).
  8. h9 items: 3 items for lower limb alignment (bow-legged (2), foot separation decrease (4), and foot inversion (6)), and 6 items for head and body asymmetry (body lean to worse side (3), body lean to best (3), shoulder elevation (3), difference in height of shoulders (2); head over to worse side (2) and head over to best (2)).
  9. iMedian (interquartile range) 1224 (1011, 2160) days prior to start of surveillance.
  10. j2 had failed Helicobacter-eradication on urea-breath-test, and were retreated successfully.
  11. kduring surveillance, 42 were hydrogen-breath-test +ve at some point.
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Gut Pathogens

ISSN: 1757-4749