Figure 4
From: Emerging importance of holobionts in evolution and in probiotics
Role of probiotics in systemic immunity. Probiotics can improve the generalized immunity by immunomodulation. In immunomodulation, gut probiotics interact with antigen presenting cells i.e. macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). These APC then affect the T cells population (mainly regulatory cells) to induce systemic immunomodulation. This immunomodulation through gut-brain axis, gut-lung axis and gut-brain-skin/gut-skin axis improves the function of brain, lungs and skin respectively, by reducing the susceptibility to various stresses and allergies.