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• Direct protection of the intestinal barrier
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• Influence on local and systemic antioxidant status, reduction in lipid peroxidation
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• Direct, microbial-produced neurochemical production – e.g. GABA
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• Indirect influence on neurotransmitter/neuropeptide production
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• Prevention of stress-induced alterations to overall intestinal microbiota
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• Direct activation of neural pathways between gut and brain
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• Limitation of inflammatory cytokine production
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• Modulation of neurotrophic chemicals including brain-derived neurotrophic factor
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• Limitation of carbohydrate malabsorption
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• Improvement of nutritional status – e.g. omega-3 fatty acids, minerals, phytochemicals
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• Limitation of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
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• Reduction of amine/uremic toxin burden
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• Limitation of gastric/intestinal pathogens (e.g. Helicobacter pylori)
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• Analgesic properties
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