Figure 2

The activated by NOD2 vesicles in autophagy. 1) A phagosome containing a microbe (checkered figure) becomes damaged and 2) exposes sulfatide to the cytoplasm. 3) Autophagy is initiated and fusion-competent vesicles are accumulated around the damaged phagosome due to V-ATPase disassembly triggered by sulfatide-NOD2 interaction. 4) The fusion competent vesicles fuse with the autophagosome providing material and directing autophagosome growth specifically around the damaged phagosome. The outer (sulfatide-containing) membrane leaflet is grey; the inner membrane leaflet is black.