Fig. 3

LF82, but not C. albicans, potentiated epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and myofibroblast activation of monolayers of human intestinal Caco-2 cells stimulated by TGF-β for 4 days. a Only LF82 induced overexpression of mesenchymal cell markers FN1 and VIM, and downregulation of the IEC marker OCLN in TGF-β-stimulated Caco-2 cells. b LF82 also increased the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL1B, IL6, IL12B and IL8 after TGF-β stimulation. Experiments were performed in triplicate and data correspond to fold-increase compared to control mice. Data are expressed as means ± SEM; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 (Student’s t-test). Results are representative of three independent experiments