Table 1 Effect of gut microbiota on vaccine efficacy
From: Recent five-year progress in the impact of gut microbiota on vaccination and possible mechanisms
model | host | vaccine | gut microbiota associated with vaccine efficacy | reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Animal models | Mice | Ovalbumin | Lactobacillaceae, Rumen family, and Clostridium bacteria were associated with vaccine efficacy | [4] |
Mice | RVV | The abundance of Clostridium and Lactonemae was positively correlated with vaccine efficacy | [9] | |
Clinical studies | Ghanaian and Dutch infants | RV | Rotavirus vaccine responders in Ghana and the Netherlands were associated with an increased abundance of Streptococcus Bovis and decreased abundance of Bacteroides phylum; Ghanaian nonresponders had an increase in enteric streptococci and a decrease in Bacteroides | [10] |
Pakistani and Dutch infants | RV | Pakistani responders were associated with increased Streptococcus Bovis abundance and decreased Bacteroides phylum abundance | [11] | |
Ghanaian infants | RV | Phage diversity and the presence of enterovirus B and multiple novel co-viruses were inversely correlated with vaccine efficacy | [12] | |
Nicaraguan infants | RV | Proteus and Egella abundance were positively correlated with vaccine efficacy, and Fusobacterium and Enterobacteriaceae were negatively correlated with vaccine efficacy | [14] | |
Rural Zimbabwe infants | RV | Bacteroides multiforme was associated with serum anti-rotavirus IgA titer | [15] | |
Bangladeshi infants | BCG TTV HBV OPV | The abundance of Bifidobacterium longum subspecies was positively correlated with OPV, BCG, TTV, and HBV efficacy; Clostridium, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas abundance were inversely correlated with vaccine efficacy | [16] | |
New Hampshire infants | TTV | Bifidobacteria abundance was negatively correlated with vaccine efficacy, and the abundance of CDP-diacylglycerol biosynthesis pathway-associated species was positively correlated with vaccine efficacy | [17] | |
HongKong adults | SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac and BNT162b2) | Bifidobacteria abundance was positively correlated with CoronaVac vaccine efficacy; Bacteria rich in flagella and fimbriae were positively correlated with the efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine; Individuals with fewer adverse events after vaccinating any of the two vaccines were enriched with large amounts of Copriprevoria and two Megamonas | [18] |