Fig. 2

Hypoxia exacerbates bacterial translocation in S. Typhimurium-infected mice. Bacterial translocation to the spleen (A) and liver (B) was determined 72 h after infection via one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. The CFU number per gram of tissue was displayed (n = 8–10/group; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001). (C) Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed the presence of Salmonella (in green) in spleen sections (×200). The spleen (D) and liver (E) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin [(D) ×200; (E) ×400]. The blue arrow represents lymphocyte hyperplasia. The black arrow means red marrow congestion. The yellow arrow indicates that the structure of the liver plate is unclear. The green arrow represents focal abscess. (F–I) Relative mRNA expression of TNF-α (F, H) and IL-1β (G, I) in the spleen and liver tissues was detected by qPCR. (J-M) Levels of TNF-α (J, L) and IL-1β (K, M) were detected by ELISA. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 8 /group) and analyzed via one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001)