Skip to main content

Table 2 Sub-group analysis based on annual precipitation, humidity, annual rainfall, average temperature, WHO regions, income level, and diagnostic method in included case–control studies

From: A systematic review and meta-analysis of protozoan parasite infections among patients with mental health disorders: an overlooked phenomenon

Variables

No studies

Sample size

Infected

Sample size (control)

Infected (control)

Pooled OR (95% CI)

Heterogeneity

 

I2

Ï„2

p-value

Annual precipitation

  < 300

62

14,961

4533

13,714

2681

2.130 (1.844–2.460)

77

0245

p < 0.001

 300–650

8

1024

394

995

221

2.297 (1.700- 3.103)

32

0.087

p < 0.001

 651–1000

13

1842

499

2637

498

1.827 (1.323–2.522)

54

0.210

p < 0.001

  > 1000

8

839

357

973

281

1.579 (1.042–2.392)

66

0.245

p < 0.001

 Total

91

18,666

5783

18,319

3681

2.059 (1.830–2.317)

74

0.247

p < 0.001

Humidity (%)

  < 40

19

2354

1161

2524

934

1.749 (1.342–2.279)

74

0.272

p < 0.001

 40–75

66

15,471

4196

14,897

2393

2.194 (1.917–2.510)

73

0.228

p < 0.001

  > 75

6

841

426

898

354

1.629 (1.971–2.734)

74

0.337

p < 0.001

 Total

91

18,666

5783

18,319

3681

2.059 (1.830–2.317)

74

0.247

p < 0.001

Annual rainfall (mm)

  < 400

35

5261

2457

5036

1454

2.256 (1.848–2.761)

79

0.293

p < 0.001

 401–1000

37

10,743

2402

10,309

1439

2.040 (1.699–2.449)

72

0.251

p < 0.001

 1001–1500

14

2126

682

2514

625

1.773 (1.444–2.178)

28

0.060

p < 0.001

  > 1500

5

536

242

460

163

1.458 (0.803–2.985)

78

0.455

p < 0.001

 Total

91

18,666

5783

18,319

3681

2.059 (1.830–2.317)

74

0.247

p < 0.001

Average temperature (°C)

  < 10

5

550

197

551

119

2.036 (1.319–3.144)

22

0.143

p < 0.001

 10–20

53

13,544

3787

12,801

2589

1.947 (1.669–2.270)

74

0.266

p < 0.001

  > 20

33

4572

1799

4967

973

2.281 (1.8507–2.811)

72

0.237

p < 0.001

 Total

91

18,666

5783

18,319

3681

2.059 (1.830–2.317)

74

0.247

p < 0.001

WHO region

 African region

7

959

500

1040

300

2.175 (1.697–2.778)

0

0.029

p < 0.001

 Eastern Mediterranean Region

35

5333

2466

4992

1421

2.289 (1.868–2.805)

79

0.299

p < 0.001

 European Region

26

3984

1492

5253

1099

1.844 (1.477–2.301)

71

0.259

p < 0.001

 Region of the Americas

11

1582

482

2459

509

1.816 (1.330–2.479)

55

0.175

p < 0.001

 Western Pacific Region

11

6714

778

4511

310

2.157 (1.535–3.032)

75

0.268

p < 0.001

 South-East Asia Region

1

94

65

64

42

1.174 (0.596–2.309)

–

–

–

 Total

91

18,666

5783

18,319

3681

2.059 (1.830–2.317)

74

0.247

p < 0.001

Income level

 High income

16

2260

732

2330

580

2.008 (1.483–2.718)

68

0.248

p < 0.001

 Upper middle income

36

10,606

2312

10,389

1468

1.930 (1.614–2.308)

72

0.238

p < 0.001

 Lower middle income

39

5800

2739

5600

1633

2.190 (1.823–2.632)

77

0.263

p < 0.001

 Total

91

18,666

5783

18,319

3681

2.059 (1.830–2.317)

74

0.247

p < 0.001

Diagnostic method

 ELISA

61

13,769

3893

13,369

2658

2.010 (1.752–2.307)

74

0.236

p < 0.001

 IHAT

1

200

84

200

35

3.413 (2.154–5.409)

–

–

–

 ELISA & Western Blot

2

145

77

145

24

3.076 (1.285–7.362)

–

–

–

 EIA & Western blotting

1

38

16

27

3

5.818 (1.490–22.715)

–

–

–

 EIA

2

141

66

481

67

2.617 (1.241–5.515)

33

0.116

p < 0.001

 Sabin-Feldman Dye Test

2

133

57

163

45

1.427 (0.667–3.054)

55

0.164

p < 0.001

 ELISA & CFT

1

44

12

56

13

1.240 (0.500- 3.076)

–

–

–

 ELISA & ELFA

1

79

38

95

27

2.230 (1.334–4.103)

–

–

–

 ELISA & IFA

1

96

21

50

4

3.220 (1.039–9.973)

–

–

–

 Rapid Test-Cassette

2

292

96

292

56

2.066 (1.412- 3.022)

–

–

–

 ELISA & PCR

4

368

172

452

144

1.432 (0.656–1.123)

77

0.498

p < 0.001

 Direct smear & Sedimentation

1

104

21

314

49

1.368 (0.775–2.413)

–

–

–

 Direct smear & Sedimentation & Stain

1

983

337

983

105

4.362 (3.426–5.553)

–

–

–

 Optical density

1

127

33

127

26

1.363 (0.759–2.449)

–

–

–

 ECLIA

5

1239

371

1122

281

1.470 (1.064–2.032)

0

0.042

p < 0.001

 ELISA & LAT

3

338

212

233

70

3.147 (2.033–4.869)

0

0.0001

p < 0.001

 ELISA & Sabin-Feldman Dye Test

2

570

277

210

74

2.258 (0.734–6.947)

82

0.541

p < 0.001

 Total

91

18,666

5783

18,319

3681

2.059 (1.830–2.317)

74

0.247

p < 0.001

  1. EIA Enzyme Immunoassay, SFDT Sabin-Feldman Dye Test, ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, CFT Complement fixation test, ELFA Enzyme-linked fluorescence assay, IFA Immunofluorescence assay, IHAT Indirect haemagglutination test, ECLIA Electrochemiluminiscence immunoassay, CLIA Chemiluminescent immunoassay
Back to article page

Gut Pathogens

ISSN: 1757-4749