Table 4 Main characteristics of the included cross-sectional studies reporting the prevalence of protozoan parasitic infections among patients with mental disorders
Study No | Author | Year | Study Years | Subjects type | Mental disorder | Continent | Diagnostic method | F/M | Mean age | Sample size | Infected | Species of parasites |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Gatti et al. | 2000 | – | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Europe | Direct smear & ELISA & Culture | – | 44.0 | 550 | 70 | Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar & Entamoeba coli & Endolimax nana & Blastocystis hominis & Giardia lamblia |
2 | Mahyar et al. | 2000 | – | Non Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | Direct smear & Sedimentation | – | – | 258 | 98 | Entamoeba histolytica & Giardia lamblia & Idomoeba butschlii & Entamoeba coli |
3 | Thomas et al. | 2004 | 1998–1999 | Non Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Europe | ELISA | – | – | 370 | 166 | Toxoplasma gondii |
4 | Cheng et al. | 2005 | – | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | Direct smear & Sedimentation | – | 41.0 | 464 | 10 | Entamoeba histolytica & Entamoeba coli |
5 | Gharavi et al. | 2005 |  | Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | IFA | – | – | 353 | 49 | Toxoplasma gondii |
6 | Rivera et al. | 2006 |  | Non Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | Direct smear & PCR | – | – | 113 | 80 | Giardia lamblia & Entamoeba histolytica & Entamoeba coli & Endolimax nana & Blastocystis hominis |
7 | Dickerson et al. | 2007 | – | Non Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | North America | Solid-phase immunoassay | – | 40.5 | 358 | 58 | Toxoplasma gondii |
8 | Sharif et al. | 2007 | 2004–2005 | Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | IFA | 175/161 | – | 336 | 140/125 | Toxoplasma gondii |
9 | Hazrati Tappeh et al. | 2010 | – | Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | Direct smear & Sedimentation | – | – | 225 | 39 | Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar |
10 | Sharif et al. | 2010 | 2008 | Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | Direct smear & Sedimentation | – | 25.48 | 362 | 77 | Entamoeba histolytica & Giardia lamblia & Blastocystis hominis & Entamoeba coli & Endolimax nana |
11 | Chandrasena et al. | 2010 | 2009 | Non Hospitalized | Bipolar and Related Disorder | Asia | Direct smear | – | 50 | 145 | 3 | Entamoeba coli |
12 | Pearce et al. | 2012 | 1988–1994 | Non Hospitalized | Depressive Disorder | North America | IFA & Sabin-Feldman dye test | – | - | 7774 | 1211 | Toxoplasma gondii |
13 | Shokri et al. | 2012 |  | Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | Direct smear & Sedimentation& Stain | – | 22.8 | 133 | 30 | Giardia lamblia & Blastocystis hominis & Entamoeba coli & chilomastix mesnil |
14 | Khalili et al. | 2013 | 2010 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | Direct smear & Sedimentation& Stain | – | 41.2 | 65 | 31 | Giardia lamblia & Blastocystis hominis & Entamoeba coli & Cryptosporidium spp & Idomoeba butschlii & Endolimax nana & Cystoisospora belli |
15 | Anvari et al. | 2015 | – | Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | Direct smear & Sedimentation& Stain | – | – | 129 | 55 | Blastocystis hominis & Entamoeba coli & Endolimax nana & chilomastix mesnil & Idomoeba butschlii & Giardia lamblia |
16 | Duffy et al. | 2015 | 2011–2013 | Non Hospitalized | Depressive Disorder | North America | ELISA | – | 47.0 | 70 | 8 | Toxoplasma gondii |
17 | Ahmadi et al. | 2015 | 2013–2014 | Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | Direct smear & Culture & Stain | – | – | 341 | 67 | Idomoeba butschlii & Entamoeba coli & chilomastix mesnil |
18 | Ezatpour et al. | 2015 | 2012–2013 | Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 64/94 | – | 158 | 18/30 | Toxoplasma gondii |
19 | Fond et al. | 2015 | 2019–2011 | Hospitalized & Non-Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum, Other Psychotic Disorders, Bipolar and Related Disorder | Europe | ELISA | – | – | 266 | 162 | Toxoplasma gondii |
20 | Shehata et al. | 2015 | 2012–2013 | Non Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Africa | Direct smear & Sedimentation& Stain | 78/122 | – | 200 | 30/57 | Giardia lamblia & Blastocystis hominis & Entamoeba histolytica & Entamoeba coli Cyclospora cayetanensis & Dientamoeba fragilis |
21 | Saeidinia et al. | 2016 | 2013 | Non-Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | Direct smear & Sedimentation & Culture | – | 25.69 | 173 | 41 | Entamoeba coli & Endolimax nana & Giardia lamblia & Blastocystis hominis |
22 | Soleymani et al. | 2016 | 2014 | Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | Direct smear & Willis | – | 35.0 | 97 | 4 | Blastocystis hominis & Entamoeba coli |
23 | Sugden et al. | 2016 | 1972–1973 | Non-Hospitalized | Depressive Disorder, Schizophrenia Spectrum, Other Psychotic Disorders | Oceania | EIA | – | 38.0 | 472 | 43 | Toxoplasma gondii |
24 | Shehata et al. | 2016 | 2014–2015 | Non-Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Africa | ELISA | 74/114 | 16.84 | 188 | 52/73 |  |
25 | Freitas et al. | 2017 | – | Hospitalized | Neurocognitive Disorders | South America | Ritchie's modified method & Lutz | – | – | 156 | 13 | Blastocystis hominis & Entamoeba coli & Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar & Giardia lamblia & Endolimax nana |
26 | Massa et al. | 2017 | – | Non-Hospitalized | Depressive Disorder, Trauma, Stressor Related Disorder, Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | North America | ELISA | – | – | 717 | 97 | Toxoplasma gondii |
27 | Nyundo et al. | 2017 | – | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Africa | Direct smear & Sedimentation | – | 32.7 | 363 | 3 | Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar |
28 | Olariu et al. | 2017 | 2011–2012 | Non-Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Europe | ELISA | – | – | 214 | 117 | Toxoplasma gondii |
29 | Fond et al. | 2018 | – | Non-Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Europe | ELISA | – | – | 289 | 75 | Toxoplasma gondii |
30 | Jafari Modrek et al | 2018 | 2016 | Non-Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA & PCR | – | – | 118 | 41 | Toxoplasma gondii |
31 | Mohammadi-Meskin et al. | 2019 | 2016–2017 | Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | Direct smear & Sedimentation& Stain | – | 25.9 | 126 | 79 | Blastocystis hominis & Entamoeba coli & Idomoeba butschlii & Giardia lamblia |
32 | Eze et al. | 2019 | 2017 | Hospitalized & Non-Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Africa | Direct smear & Sedimentation | 109/94 | 42.5 | 203 | 10/11 | Giardia lamblia & Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar |
33 | Otu-Bassey et al. | 2019 | 2016 | Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Africa | Direct smear & Sedimentation | Â | 38.02 | 126 | 36 | Giardia lamblia & Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar |
34 | Galvan-Ramirez | 2021 | 2019 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | South America | ELISA | 12/15 | 38.3 | 27 | 14 | Toxoplasma gondii |
35 | Matini et al. | 2021 | 2017 | Non-Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | Direct smear & Sedimentation& Stain | – | – | 318 | 87 | Dientamoeba fragilis & Blastocystis hominis & Entamoeba coli & Idomoeba butschlii & Giardia lamblia |
36 | Agmas et al. | 2021 | 2020 | Non-Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Africa | Direct smear & Sedimentation& Stain | – | 34.2 | 432 | 63 | Giardia lamblia & Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar |
37 | Pakmehr et al. | 2022 | 2021 | Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | Direct smear & Sedimentation& Stain | 64/55 | 27.6 | 119 | 15/16 | Giardia lamblia & Blastocystis hominis & Entamoeba coli & Idomoeba butschlii & Endolimax nana |
38 | Liu et al. | 2022 | 2015–2020 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | – | – | 3101 | 101 | Toxoplasma gondii |
39 | Mohammed et al. | 2022 | 2021–2022 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 31/70 | 40.52 | 101 | 40 | Toxoplasma gondii |
40 | Teimouri et al. | 2022 | 2021 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 135/183 | 35.91 | 318 | 80 | Toxoplasma gondii |