In 2005, the first disease-specific Helicobacter pylori virulence factor that induced duodenal ulcer and had a suppressive action on gastric cancer has been identified, and was named duodenal ulcer promoting gene (dupA). However, the importance of the dupA gene on clinical outcomes is conflicting in subsequent studies. The aim of this study was to estimate the magnitude of the risk for clinical outcomes associated with dupA gene.
Methods
A meta-analysis of case-control studies which provided raw data on the infection rates with the dupA-positive H. pylori detected by polymerase chain reaction was performed.
Results
Seventeen studies with a total of 2,466 patients were identified in the search. Infection with the dupA-positive H. pylori increased the risk for duodenal ulcer by 1.41-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-1.76) overall. Subgroup analysis showed that the summary odds ratio (OR) was 1.57 (95% CI, 1.19-2.06) in Asian countries and 1.09 (95% CI, 0.73-1.62) in Western countries. There was no association between the presence of the dupA gene and gastric cancer and gastric ulcer. Publication bias did not exist.
Conclusion
Our meta-analysis confirmed the importance of the presence of the dupA gene for duodenal ulcer, especially in Asian countries.
Background
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is now accepted as the major cause of chronic gastritis. Several epidemiological studies have shown that H. pylori infection is also linked to the severe gastritis-associated diseases, including peptic ulcer and gastric cancer (GC) [1]. In 1994, the International Agency for Research on Cancer categorized H. pylori infection as a definite group I carcinogen [2]. The infection remains latent in the majority of infected patients, with only approximately 20% of infected individuals developing severe diseases. One possible reason for the varying outcomes of H. pylori infection relates to differences in the virulence of H. pylori strains in addition to host, environmental, and dietary factors.
Several H. pylori virulence factors associated with peptic ulcer and GC have been reported, including cagA, vacA, babA and oipA[1, 3–6]. Lu et al. [7] described a novel virulence factor, duodenal ulcer promoting gene (dupA), which encompassed both jhp0917 and jhp0918 located in the plasticity region of the H. pylori genome. Interestingly, the dupA gene is homologous to virB4, a gene encoding a component protein of the type IV secretion system (TFSS) in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. They reported that infections with dupA-positive strains increased the risk for duodenal ulcer (DU) but were protective against gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and GC in the Japanese, Korean and Columbian subjects. Intriguingly, dupA is the first genetic factor of H. pylori to be associated with differential susceptibility to DU and GC, and thus it could be considered as a disease specific virulence marker. The pathogenic mechanism of dupA appears to involve the induction of interleukin (IL)-8 production in the antrum, leading to antrum-predominant gastritis, a well-recognized characteristic of DU [7].
However, the role of dupA was controversial subsequently since several studies were unable to reproduce the observation in other population including Japan [8–12]. Although Hussein recently reported the systematic review which proved the high prevalence of dupA-positive H. pylor i in patients with DU [13], he determined the conclusion based on simple combined data but not meta-analysis (e.g., he did not show the meta-analysis model, heterogeneity, publication bias). In this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between the dupA gene and clinical outcomes based on the method of meta-analysis.
Methods
A literature search was performed using the PubMed databases for articles published through August 2010, using the following text words: 1) dupA, and 2) pylori or Helicobacter. We did not include abstract alone or unpublished articles.
Inclusion Criteria
The following criteria were applied to select fully published case-control studies examining the relationship between the dupA gene and clinical outcomes (gastritis, gastric ulcer [GU], DU, and GC) in adult population; the presence of dupA gene was examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or PCR plus dot blot; original articles published in English. Studies were excluded if raw data were not presented. When it appeared that the same subjects were presented in multiple reports, the earliest paper was selected. All potentially relevant articles were reviewed by two investigators (S.S and Y.Y) independently and disagreement was resolved by discussion.
Data Extraction
Data were extracted from each study by investigators independently and entered into a computerized database. The information retrieved covered countries where the study was performed, characteristics of cases and controls, method for detection of the dupA gene, number of subjects, the dupA status according to clinical outcomes. Three studies examined the prevalence of the dupA gene in several countries [7, 8, 11], thus these data in each country was entered in separate sheet as an independent study.
Statistical analysis
Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated from the raw data. The Mantel-Haenszel method was used to test for statistical heterogeneity. When statistical heterogeneity was noted, the proportion of the total heterogeneity variance was calculated using a fixed-effects model from each study to guide the search for sources of methodologic and clinically important variables. To exclude any possible influence of a single study, we performed a sensitivity analysis to evaluate whether the exclusion of any single study substantial altered the magnitude or statistical result of the summary estimate. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plots and regression test by Egger et al[14]. P value of < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant in all meta-analyses. All analyses were performed using Comprehensive Meta-analysis software (version 2, Biostat, Englewood, NJ).
Results
The literature searches generated 17 potentially relevant citations. Of these, six articles were excluded (3 were review articles [13, 15, 16], one was not case-control study [17], one was in vitro study [18], and one was following study [19]), therefore 11 articles met the inclusion criteria. Three articles included several countries (three in Lu et al, four in Argent et al, and two in Schmidt et al). Although Schmidt et al. examined the dupA status in five countries [11], data from only two countries was case-control. In this study, data from different countries in one article was considered as separate studies (data); therefore, seventeen studies with a total of 2,466 patients met the inclusion criteria (Table 1). Among these studies, there was no age- and sex-matched case-control study. The dupA status was evaluated by PCR technique except two studies which performed PCR and dot blot technique [12, 20]. Multiple primer pairs were used in 11 studies [8, 10–12, 20–22]. The dupA status in seven studies was determined based on the presence both of jhp0917 and jhp0918 (dupA-positive only if both jhp0917 and jhp0918 were positive) [7, 9, 22–24].
Table 1
List of studies included in the meta-analysis
Gastritis
Duodenal ulcer
Gastric ulcer
Gastric cancer
Authors
Country
Reference
Positive
all
positive
all
positive
all
positive
all
Lu
Japan
7
7
50
14.0%
11
30
36.7%
13
50
26.0%
3
30
10.0%
Lu
Korea
7
2
30
6.7%
24
65
36.9%
5
30
16.7%
3
50
6.0%
Lu
Colombia
7
15
40
37.5%
22
45
48.9%
12
30
40.0%
6
50
12.0%
Arachchi
India
20
16
70
22.9%
36
96
37.5%
Argent
South Africa
8
11
15
73.3%
12
13
92.3%
16
18
88.9%
Argent
Belgium
8
29
76
38.2%
20
40
50.0%
10
19
52.6%
Argent
USA
8
9
20
45.0%
9
21
42.9%
2
3
66.7%
Argent
China
8
3
12
25.0%
2
11
18.2%
2
5
40.0%
1
1
100.0%
Douraghi
Iran
9
34
68
50.0%
15
30
50.0%
9
23
39.1%
20
36
55.6%
Gomes
Brazil
10
133
144
92.4%
110
126
87.3%
71
81
87.7%
Hussein
Iraq
21
5
29
17.2%
9
15
60.0%
2
5
40.0%
Pacheco
Brazil
23
18
29
62.1%
13
20
65.0%
14
24
58.3%
Zhang
China
24
51
133
38.3%
46
101
45.5%
11
47
23.4%
19
79
24.1%
Schmidt
Sweden
11
13
20
65.0%
7
11
63.6%
13
21
61.9%
Schmidt
China
11
15
52
28.8%
10
16
62.5%
12
22
54.5%
Nguyen
Japan
12
23
78
29.5%
17
62
27.4%
17
59
28.8%
10
34
29.4%
Yeh
Taiwan
22
24
94
25.5%
13
57
22.8%
6
30
20.0%
The association between the dupA status and duodenal ulcer
The prevalence of the dupA gene in DU patients was examined in 17 studies from 13 countries (Figure 1). The prevalence of the dupA gene ranged from 18.2% to 92.3% in DU patients and 6.7% to 92.4% in controls. Among 17 studies, significantly higher prevalence of the dupA gene in DU compared with control was found in five studies [7, 11, 20, 21].
Figure 1
The results of meta-analysis for the risk of duodenal ulcer indupA-positiveH. pyloriinfection. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) in summary and for each study are presented with weighting in a fixed-effect model.
The overall prevalence of the dupA gene was 49.5% (376 of 759) in DU and 42.5% (408 of 960) in controls, yielding an estimate OR of 1.33 (95% CI, 1.09-1.60). Summary OR in fixed-effect model was 1.41 (95% CI, 1.12-1.76). However, the test of heterogeneity was significant among these studies (Q = 28.15 with d.f. = 16, p = 0.03), suggesting the existence of either methodologic or clinical heterogeneity. By exploring the sources of heterogeneity, we found that the study by Gomes et al. [10] showed the larger differential in the prevalence of the dupA gene compared with other studies. They reported the prevalence of the dupA gene was 87.3% in DU and 92.4% in control. In addition, the study by Lu et al. in Korea showed the lower prevalence of the dupA gene especially in control (6.7%) [7]. Sensitivity analysis excluding these 2 studies showed a similar OR of 1.46 with a 95% CI of 1.15-1.85 and the test of heterogeneity was no longer statistically significant (Q = 18.05 with d.f. = 14, p = 0.20). Publication bias did not exist (intercept, 1.28; p = 0.17).
Subgroup analysis was also performed by two areas (Asian or Western countries). The study in South Africa [8] was not included in both. The prevalence of the dupA gene was 37.9% (183 of 483) in DU and 29.2% (180 of 616) in controls in Asian countries. It was 68.8% (181 of 263) in DU and 66.0% (217 of 329) in controls in Western countries. Summary OR was 1.57 (95% CI, 1.19-2.06) in Asian countries and 1.09 (95% CI, 0.73-1.62) in Western countries. When the study by Gomes et al. was excluded, it was 51.8% (71 of 137) in DU and 45.4% (84 of 185) in controls in Western countries (OR = 1.34 with a 95% CI, 0.85-2.13).
The association between the dupA status and gastric cancer
The prevalence of the dupA gene in GC patients was examined from 12 studies from 9 countries (Figure 2). The prevalence ranged from 6.0% to 100% in GC patients and 6.7% to 92.4% in controls. Among 12 studies, significantly higher prevalence in GC compared with control was found in two studies [7, 11].
Figure 2
The results of meta-analysis for the risk of gastric cancer indupA-positiveH. pyloriinfection.
The overall prevalence of the dupA gene was 41.7% (184 of 441) in GC and 46.8% (336 of 718) in controls, yielding an estimate OR of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.63-1.02). Summary OR in fixed-effect model was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.66-1.17). However, significant heterogeneity existed among these studies (Q = 21.44 with d.f. = 12, p = 0.04). The study in Colombia by Lu et al. [7] showed the larger differential in the prevalence of the dupA gene when compared with other studies. They reported the prevalence of the dupA gene was 6.0% in GC and 6.7% in control. Sensitivity analysis excluding this study showed a similar OR of 0.98 with a 95% CI of 0.72-1.32 with no heterogeneity (Q = 14.73 with d.f. = 11, p = 0.19).
Subgroup analysis also did not show the significant association between GC and dupA both in Asian and Western countries. The prevalence of the dupA gene was 27.0% (68 of 252) in GC and 31.9% (135 of 423) in controls in Asian countries. The prevalence was 58.5% (100 of 171) in GC and 67.9% (190 of 380) in controls in Western countries.
The association between the dupA status and gastric ulcer
The prevalence of the dupA gene in gastric ulcer (GU) patients was examined from 11 studies from 9 countries (Figure 3). The prevalence ranged from 16.7 to 66.7% in GU patients and 6.7 to 62.1% in controls. Among 11 studies, no study showed the significantly higher prevalence in GU compared with control.
Figure 3
The results of meta-analysis for the risk of gastric ulcer indupA-positiveH. pyloriinfection.
The overall prevalence of the dupA gene was 30.3% (93 of 306) in GU and 32.7% (191 of 583) in controls, yielding an estimate OR of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.66-1.20). Summary OR in fixed-effect model was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.68-1.32) with no heterogeneity (Q = 10.25 with d.f. = 10, p = 0.41). Subgroup analysis also did not show the significant association between GC and the dupA status both in Asian and Western countries. The prevalence of the dupA gene was 26.1% (65 of 249) in GU and 30.2% (149 of 494) in controls in Asian countries. The prevalence was 49.1% (28 of 57) in GC and 47.2% (42 of 89) in controls in Western countries.
The difference of prevalence in Asian and Western countries
The overall prevalence of the dupA gene was 31.0% (496 of 1,600) in Asian countries and 64.1% (526 of 820) in Western countries. It was significantly higher in Western countries than Asian countries (p < 0.0001). When the study by Gomes et al. was excluded, this trend did not change (p < 0.0001).
Discussion
Our present meta-analysis shows that the presence of the dupA gene was significantly associated with DU. Although several studies failed to show the positive association between the dupA status and clinical outcomes, the meta-analysis confirmed the original report in 2005 [7]. Especially, the presence of the dupA gene was associated with DU in Asian countries; however it was not in Western countries. This difference may be due to the different prevalence of the dupA gene between Asian and Western countries. Furthermore, the study by Gomes et al. was the resource of heterogeneity due to larger difference compared with other studies. This mean the simple combined calculation such as the report by Hussein [13] is not strictly accurate to concluded although the trend was not changed. In addition, we found that the several miscount exist in the report by Hussein (e.g., he counted the mean age but not the number of subjects from the study Zhang et al. [24] and mistook the calculation from the study by Pacheco et al. [23]).
When Argent et al. combined Belgian and South African populations, the presence of the dupA gene was significantly associated with the presence of GC. There was also a non-significant trend towards an association between the dupA gene and DU in the combined Belgian and South African population. However, we did not include the South Africa in Western countries. It is not relevant to combine random populations since it is unclear whether the South African strains were taken from patients of European descent and recent studies confirmed that the genomic structures of some South African strains (i.e., HpAfrica2 type) were relatively different from those from the European population (i.e., HpEurope type) [25, 26].
In a study examining strains from Brazilian children and adults, the prevalence of the dupA gene was extremely high (92%; 445/482) irrespective of clinical outcomes [10]. Interestingly, the frequency of the dupA gene was significantly higher in strains from children than in those from adults. H. pylori infection is typically acquired in childhood and persists throughout life unless treated with a combination of anti-acid and antimicrobial therapy, so it is speculated that the dupA gene might be lost during long-term infections in which the gastric mucosa gradually develop chronic atrophic gastritis and GC. Therefore, their results might partially support the original hypothesis that the dupA gene is a marker associated with gastric damage that leads to the development of gastric cancer. Therefore, we need to pay attention to the age of each disease in case-control study. For example, mean age of DU was younger than that of gastritis in the study by Zhang et al. (41 years old in DU vs 59 years old in gastritis) [24]. Case-control study matched age- and sex- should be performed in the future.
Overall, there are distinct geographical variations in the prevalence of the dupA gene, and there appears to be an association between dupA and DU in some populations but not in others. As Argent et al. [8] reported, the association of dupA with DU in only some populations could reflect differences in the definition or diagnosis of ulcers or in the use of drugs that either cause or heal ulcers in these populations. In addition, the discrepancy could be related to the limitation of PCR techniques for detecting the intact dupA gene. In some studies, only one set of primer pairs for jhp0917 and jhp0918 was used [7, 9, 23, 24]: use of multiple primer pairs is recommended for detection of the dupA gene in future studies. None of the previous reports considered the frameshift mutation after position 1385 as a criterion for the presence of the dupA gene [7, 10]. More importantly, Gomes et al. reported frameshift mutations in 14/86 (16%) dupA-positive sequenced samples [10]; a single adenine insertion after position 1426 of dupA or at position 2998 of the jhp0917-jhp0918 gene of the J99 strain that created a premature stop codon and may have considerable effects on protein expression or function. In their study, they counted the truncated samples as dupA-positive; however, it is clear that these mutated sequences would not produce intact DupA protein. For example, the expression of the blood group antigen binding adhesin (BabA) protein does not always correlated with the babA gene expression [27]. It will be better to detect intact dupA by measuring intact DupA protein using immunoblotting techniques, which has not been reported previously. In addition, the vir genes exist before and after the region of the dupA locus [16]. In the strain Shi470, for example, virB2, virB3, virB4 (dupA), virB8, virB9, virB10, virB11, virD4, and virD2 were detected. These are structurally similar to the type IV secretion system (T4SS) called cag PAI and ComB and thought to be the third T4SS. Recently, T4SS containing dupA was named as tfs3a, and T4SS having virB4 sequence, but not dupA was named as tfs3b[28]. These observations suggest that only strains that are intact dupA-positive and form a novel type IV secretion system might be involved in gastroduodenal diseases. If this is true, examining the presence of DupA/dupA alone might not be sufficient. Study on DupA is still in their early stages, and great progress is expected in the near future.
Conclusions
Infection with the dupA-positive H. pylori increased the risk for DU overall and this evidence was significant in Asian countries. In contrast, the relationship between dupA and GC and GU was not clear from the meta-analysis. Case-control study matched age- and sex- should be performed in the future.
Financial support
None
Declarations
Acknowledgements
This report is based on work supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (DK62813) (YY), and grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan (22390085 and 22659087)(YY).
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine
(2)
Department of General Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine
(3)
Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center
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