Animal models to study acute and chronic intestinal inflammation in mammals

Table 2 Summary of common knockout genes used in murine models of intestinal inflammation

Genes	Function	Immunity affected	Reference
IL-10	Cytokine involved in anti-inflammatory and regulatory pathways	Adaptive	[57, 64, 296, 297]
IL-23R	Th17 cytokine; T-cell differentiation	Adaptive	[296]
CD4⁺CD25⁺	Regulatory T-cell adaptor glycoproteins	Adaptive	[296, 297]
NOD2/CARD15	Intracellular bacterial peptidoglycan receptor/apoptotic protein	Innate	[296]
TGF-β1	Regulatory cytokine; inhibits effector T-cell development, downregulates immune response	Adaptive	[297]
RAG	Protein; B and T lymphocyte maturation	Adaptive	[57, 64, 296]
ATG16L1	Autophagy gene involved in pathogen regulation	Innate and adaptive	[296]
APC^min/+	Gene; Β-catenin regulator involved in CRC development	Innate	[64]
IL-2	Pro-inflammatory cytokine	Adaptive	[57]
TNF-α	Th1 cytokine; apoptotic signal activation	Innate and adaptive	[57]
STAT3	Signalling molecule; intestinal mucosa regeneration post injury	Adaptive	[296]
NFκB	Transcription factor; pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell survival factors	Adaptive	[57, 296]
Muc2	Gene; mucin, main constituent of intestinal mucus, physical barrier formation	Innate and adaptive	[296]
IFN-γ	Pro-inflammatory cytokine	Innate and adaptive	[57]
MyD88	Transcription factor; signalling molecule for TLR and NFκB	Innate and adaptive	[64]
TLR	Family of receptors for identification of various microbial surface proteins	Innate	[64]

ISSN: 1757-4749