Table 4 Chemicals used to incite acute and chronic intestinal inflammation
From: Animal models to study acute and chronic intestinal inflammation in mammals
Chemical | Effect | Disease-like symptoms |
|---|---|---|
Dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) | Extensive basal crypt and epithelial cell damage with long-term administration, increase in IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-5; Th1 and Th2 mediated immune response [59] | Acute mucosal and vascular injury in low concentrations, develops in UC-like symptoms |
Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) | Th1 mediated immune response, ↑IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ [212] | Initial effects are acute in nature, develops into CD-like symptoms |
Oxazolone | Th2 mediated immune response, ↑IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 [211] | Initial effects are acute in nature, develops into UC-like symptoms |
Azoxymethane (AOM) | Used in conjunction with DSS, tumour inducing, can lead to increased IL-21, IL-17A and IL-6; Th1/Th17 mediated immune response [298] | Colorectal cancer-like symptoms when used in conjunction with DSS |